At 8:03 a.m. on Easter Sunday, Trump posted this to Truth Social: “Tuesday will be Power Plant Day and Bridge Day, all wrapped up in one, in Iran. There will be nothing like it!!! Open the [expletive] Strait, you crazy bastards, or you’ll be living in Hell — JUST WATCH! Praise be to Allah. President DONALD J. TRUMP” That is even crazier when you read it aloud. But Trump followed it up with another post on Tuesday that began: “A whole civilization will die tonight, never to be brought back again. I don’t want that to happen, but it probably will.” It didn’t happen. Trump backed down, agreeing to a two week ceasefire with Iran. Then on Wednesday, he wrote, “The United States will work closely with Iran, which we have determined has gone through what will be a very productive regime change.” Trump has oscillated in the course of days, even hours, from threatening an apparent genocide to then excitedly musing about partnering with Iran to charge tolls to ships passing through the Strait of Hormuz and giving them relief from sanctions and tariffs. This is not the art of the deal. This is behavior that should trigger a wellness check. And look, maybe you’d expect a liberal like me to say that. But listen to some of the Trumpier voices, or at least traditionally Trumpier voices on the right. Here’s Tucker Carlson. “It is vile on every level. It begins with a promise to use the U.S. military, our military, to destroy civilian infrastructure in another country, which is to say, to commit a war crime, a moral crime against the people of the country. Whose welfare, by the way, was one of the reasons we supposedly went into this war in the first place.” Look, I don’t agree with Carlson on all that much. I do appreciate the register he found there, because he’s right about what that was a moral crime. To even conceive of a erasing Iranian civilization, much less threaten it in public. It is a horrific act on its own. Just imagine being an Iranian parent that night, unsure if you could protect your child. Imagine being an Iranian living here, worried about your family back home. What Carlson correctly centered is something Trump forgot or didn’t care about as soon as it was convenient. Iranians are human beings. To annihilate them, to salvage a war you started is a crime against humanity. It is the act of a war criminal. It is the act of a monster. And I know there are those who say this is all just a negotiation. This was Trump pressuring Iran to fold. There are two problems with that. The first is that Iran didn’t fold. We did. Trump appears ready to accept a level of Iranian control of the Strait of Hormuz that would have been unimaginable two months ago. You have now JD Vance saying that Iran might not even give up its right to nuclear enrichment. This is what it looks like when you lose a war, not when you win one. The second is that this is an immoral way and a dangerous way even to negotiate because what it does is it commits you to war crimes if your bid is rejected. Megyn Kelly said this well. “This is completely irresponsible and disgusting. This is wrong. It’s wrong. He should not be doing it. I don’t care that it’s a negotiation. His negotiation tactic is to kill an entire country full of civilians, men, women, and children. An American president. So that the Strait of Hormuz will be opened? It’s just wrong. A list of the Trumpy or formerly Trumpy figures who just seem appalled here could go on. You had Marjorie Taylor Greene calling for the 25th Amendment and Trump’s removal from office. She said what Trump was doing was “evil and madness.” You had Alex Jones agreeing with her. “How do we 25th Amendment his [expletive].” He had Candace Owens calling Trump a “genocidal lunatic.” I am glad and relieved the Tuesday night brought a ceasefire rather than a war crime. The Iranian people have suffered plenty. They do not deserve to be buried in rubble to salvage Trump’s pride. But I am not sure that what Trump said was wrong, exactly. I am worried a civilization died that night, or at least is dying. But it’s our civilization. It is very hard to see Donald Trump. Listen to him. Watch him and not think that this grand experiment in self-governance is falling into ruin in just the way the founders feared. We’ve entrusted tremendous power to a self-dealing narcissist and demagogue who’s becoming more dangerous and erratic as he ages and as his presidency fails. What we saw over the last week was how dangerous Trump becomes when he feels himself losing, when he feels the control is slipping from his grasp. Donald Trump is a 79-year-old man in uncertain health in the final years of his presidency. He is hideously unpopular even now. He is very likely going to lose mid-term elections, and then he and his family and associates will face a raft of investigations. How much Gulf money has made its way into Trump family pockets? Who has bought all that crypto from them? What kind of deals got made with the Trump family before countries saw their tariffs knocked down? The next few years will for him carry the potential of terrible loss. And so I don’t think this is the last time Trump is going to endanger a country in a desperate gamble to avoid the consequences of his own failures, but that country oftentimes is going to be our own. Joining me now is Fareed Zakaria, the host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN, a columnist for The Washington Post and the author of among other books, the Age of Revolutions. As always, my email at nytimes.com. Fareed Zakaria, welcome back to the show. Always a pleasure. So I want to start with Trump’s now infamous post on Tuesday morning where he wrote, quote, a whole civilization will die tonight, never to be brought back again. What did you think when you saw that. I mean, I was horrified, but it goes beyond that. It felt like that tweet was the culmination of something that had been going on for a while, which was that the President of the United States was simply abandoning the entire moral weight that the United States had brought to its world role ever since World War two. I mean, not to sound too corny about it, because of course, we made mistakes and we were hypocritical and all that. But compared to every other power that gained this kind of enormous, enormous dominance, the US had been different. After 1945, it said, we’re not going to be another imperial hegemon. We’re not going to ask for reparations from the countries that we defeated. We’re actually going to try and build them. And we’re going to give them foreign aid. We invented the idea of foreign aid, basically, that whole idea that the United States saw itself as different, saw itself not as one more in the train of great imperial powers that, when it was their turn, had decided to act rapaciously, to extract tribute, to enforce a kind of a brutal vision of dominance. All that was in a sense, thrown away. And I realized it was just one tweet. But there was the culmination of something Trump has been doing for a long time. And it just left me very sad to think that the United States, this country that has really been so distinctive in its world mission and a country that I looked up to as a kid and came to as an immigrant, that the leader of that country could literally threaten to annihilate an entire people. And when you say something like that, it sounds very abstract. Civilization but we are talking about is the lives and aspirations and culture and dignity of a whole people. I mean, you’re talking about 93 million people. One thing that has always felt to me, core about the moral challenge that Donald Trump and his view of geopolitics poses is it feels to me on a deep level a throwback to early 20th century, when individual lives, individual human lives were just understood as pawns in the greater game of dominance and strength and rivalries and conquests. As you say, I’m not saying that there has not been disrespect or disregard for human life in the postwar era. That would be absurd. But there was a commitment and a structure of values in which you didn’t threaten mass annihilation of civilians simply because you were trying to salvage face in a war you had started for no reason and were losing that and you see this in DOGE and its approach to USAID, that there is something about how you treat or don’t treat, how you weigh or don’t weigh the lives and futures of the people who are caught within your machinations that he just wipes away, as I think, a kind of weakness or liberal piety. If you watch or listen to George W Bush when he is essentially losing the war in Iraq. What is striking is the difference. Bush, for all his flaws and he made many, many mistakes in Iraq, but for all his flaws, always looked at it as an essentially idealistic, aspirational mission. We were trying to help the Iraqis. He never demeaned Islam. He always tried to see this as part of America’s great uplifting mission. And you almost miss that, because even in our mistakes, even in our errors, there was always that sense that we were trying to help this country do better, and we were trying to help these people do better. And what you’re describing, I think, quite accurately, is Trump approaches it not just from the point of view of the 19th century, because sometimes people talk about, oh, he loves McKinley and he liked tariffs. And he’s like McKinley in that imperialism. No, Trump is more like a rapacious 18th century European imperialist who did not have any of you know. McKinley said he went to the Philippines because he wanted to Christianize the place, and there was none of that sense of uplift, or most of it was just brutal. And it was, as you say, the individual was never at the center of it. Human life and dignity was never at the center of it. It was all a kind of self-interested, short term extractive game. And Trump is harkening back to that, and it’s interesting to ask where he gets it from, because it really is probably fair to say that nobody else on the American political spectrum, if they were president, would speak like that. I don’t think JD Vance would speak like that. I don’t think Marco Rubio would speak like that. So there’s something that he brings to it, which is a kind of callousness and a contempt for any of those the expression of those values. For him, that’s all a sign of weakness. That’s the kind of bullshit people say. But the reality is the way he looks at the world. Here’s what you will hear from Trump’s defenders that this is all today. And it was on Tuesday liberal hysteria that what we were watching was a brilliant negotiating tactic, that Trump frightened the Iranians. He frightened the whole world. He put forward a maximalist and terrifying and immoral position and forced the Iranians to capitulate into a deal they would not otherwise have accepted. That night, he did not destroy civilization. That night, there was the announcement of a two week ceasefire. Are they right. Is that what happened. So let’s just evaluate it on the merits in the sense of the genius negotiating strategy. What we have ended up with is in a situation where we began the war with a country whose nuclear program had been completely and totally obliterated. Those were Trump’s words. But those were words, by the way, echoed by the head of the IDF in Israel, Israel’s atomic Energy Agency said Israel Iran’s nuclear program has been destroyed and can be destroyed, kept destroyed indefinitely as long as they don’t get access to nuclear materials, which we were actively denying them. So that was the reality of Iran. It had been pummeled. Its nuclear program had been destroyed that what we started with. What we have ended up with is a war in which Iran has lost its military and its Navy and things like that. But it was to be honest, it was not it was not using those to attack anybody. What it has gained is a far more usable weapon than nuclear weapons. It has. It has gained. It has realized and shown the world that it can destroy the global economy, that it can block the Strait of Hormuz, and that would have a cataclysmic fall. A follow on effect. It now seems poised to not simply be able to hold the gas, the Gulf states and much of the world hostage because of that pivotal position it has. But it’s now going to monetize that, presumably giving it $90 billion of revenue every year, which is by the way, about twice as much as it makes selling oil. It has weakened the Gulf states, which now sit-in the shadow of this tension that they have to worry about and navigate. It has brought China into the Gulf, we learn, because the Chinese had to get the Iranians to agree to this. It has weakened the dollar because these payments that are being made through the Strait of Hormuz are now being made in crypto or in Yuan Chinese, China’s currency. It has strengthened Russia because Russia is now making something on the order of $4 to $5 billion extra per month because of in the price of oil, which will probably stay elevated for a while. And it’s almost wrecked the Western alliance because Trump in his frustration and desperation when he realized he wasn’t getting his way, has decided to blame all of it on all America’s allies as if they had somehow joined in, this would have made any difference. When you don’t when you have a bad strategy with unclear and shifting goals, it doesn’t really matter how many people you have cheering for you on the side, but you take all of that and you say those are the costs. And the benefit as far as I can tell, is quite close to 0 in the sense that Iran already had a nuclear program that was largely defunct. Israel was already far more powerful than Iran and could easily defend itself. I see it as an absolute exercise in willful, reckless destruction or destruction of lives, destruction of massive amounts of American military hardware, a destruction of America’s reputation. But I also think what the President of the United States says matters. And you can’t just excuse something on the basis on the argument. Oh, it’s a clever negotiating strategy. First of all, it was a stupid, lousy negotiating strategy that has ended up with the United States much weaker than it was. But even if it were, I don’t think that the ends justify the means in situations like this, and certainly not when the things you say deeply erode your credibility, your moral reputation, the core of your values. I think those things are real. And throwing them away for momentary gain in some poker like negotiation isn’t worth the price. I think among the tells in all of this to me. Was it Trump, in announcing the ceasefire deal, said that he had gotten a 10 point plan from the Iranians, which he described as quote, workable basis on which to negotiate. He also said that we’re dealing now with a change regime that was much more reasonable. The Iranians have released a plan. It includes Iran continuing to control the Strait of Hormuz. It includes the world accepting an Iranian right to enrich uranium. It includes lifting all primary and secondary sanctions against Iran. It includes payment of reparations to Iran. I am not saying Trump or America or Israel will agree to all or to any of this. But if this is the reasonable basis for talks, that is an Iran that has ended up in a stronger position than it was. A position where it will now have it will have negotiated out control of the Strait. And as you say, that’s a revenue source. It is demanding payment and relief it to for Trump to describe that as that plan is something he has won through this war. That plan would have been unthinkable as a negotiating start two months ago. This is the key point. If this is a workable basis for negotiation, why the hell didn’t we negotiate on this basis two months ago, three months ago, five months ago. Why did we need the war. The Iranians would have made would have been comfortable with seven of those demands. By which I mean there are three that are more demanding than they would have three months ago. They would have never said that they have the right to control the Strait of Hormuz. So they have added on additional demands. If anything, you would have gotten a skinny version of these demands three months ago. So we could have easily negotiated with no war, the Strait of Hormuz. Trump said something that was striking. He mused about the US and Iran jointly controlling the Strait, and the way described it clearly meant the US taking a cut of those tolls as well. When you talk about the extractive nature of Trump’s view of Geopolitics and “Foreign policy, whether that is where it ends up, the idea that somebody said that to him or he came up with it and that was compelling, that the end goal of all this is, instead of America making sure that the trade ways and waterways are clear for global trade and the international order, we will start extracting a rent as part of our payment for a war. We chose to start because Benjamin Netanyahu talked us into it. Apparently, that too struck me as quite wild and more divergent from what you could have imagined America doing at another time than I think is even being given credit for. I totally agree. I think that is one of the most telling comments that Trump has made. And to give you a sense of how divergent it is. The United States’ first military action. In 1798, something called a quasi war with France was over. Freedom of navigation. The war with the Barbary Pirates was about freedom of navigation. The US has literally, for its entire existence, stood for the freedom of navigation, and since it became the global hegemon after 1945, it has resolutely affirmed and defended that right. It has put in place huge protocols about it. And I think it was 1979. Carter put in a whole program for it. And it gets to this whole idea that the United States has always taken the view that it was trying to create the open global economy, the rules based system, the global Commons. It was trying to provide public goods for everybody, not seek short term extraction for itself and Trump’s entire worldview is the antithesis of that. He hates that idea that America is this benign, long term hegemon that looks out for the whole system. No, what he wants to do is look at every situation and say, how can I squeeze this situation for a little bit of money. How if I see a tariff, a country and I see there’s a slight divergence in tariffs I don’t think about. Well, the whole point was to create an open trading system. No, I say I can squeeze you if I see that you’re dependent on me for military aid. I wonder how can I squeeze you. His whole idea is the short term extractive. I get a win for now. I’ve talked to a couple of foreign leaders about this, and they also picked up on this remark. It would be stunning to the world if the United States, the country that has for example, constantly warned China that the Strait of Malacca, through which more energy goes than the Strait of Hormuz, I think, has to remain open and free. That freedom of navigation is a right, not a privilege conferred by anybody. If we were to now adopt the position, the Iranian position, that no, no, no, it’s ours and we get to do what they did. I mean, it is a complete revolution in the way we have approached the world. The foreign policy scholar Stephen Walt had an essay recently where he described what America is becoming or attempting to be as a predatory hegemon. Do you think that’s the way to understand it Yeah, that’s a very good that’s a very good phrase because it is this predatory attitude towards everything. But we are still the hegemon. So it’s weird. You see countries like Russia acting in predatory ways, but you think of them as the spoilers of the global system. They’re the ones that are trying to shake things up, disrupt things they don’t the rules based international system. They want to. They want to destroy it or erode it in some way and allow for the freedom of the strong to do what they can and the weak to suffer what they must. In thucydides’s phrase, the US has never done that and the US has. Hegemon has been very careful to try to have that longer term, more enlightened view again, with lots of mistakes and lots of hypocrisy. But compared to other hegemons, it really has played that role and now it is. It is trying to extract for short term benefit. And I emphasize this because it’s actually terrible for the United States in the long run. We have benefited enormously from being at the center of this world. So we’re getting these short term gains at enormous long term loss to our position, our status, our status, our influence, our power. I think this war has been a disaster for the United States. It’s been a disaster for Donald Trump, in part because we actually never knew what we wanted out of it. I think Israel did know what it wanted out of it. And if you look at the New reporting from my colleagues, Maggie Haberman and Jonathan Swan, it’s pretty clear that Trump was talked into it after meeting with Netanyahu and the Mossad. It seems that there were a lot of parts of his own administration raising doubts that he simply wiped away. Has this war been good for Israel. Did they get what they want out of it. Look I think for a particular view of Israel, which has viewed Iran as this absolute existential threat, which is clearly Bibi Netanyahu’s view, Iran is destroyed militarily. There’s no question about it. I mean, remember Netanyahu in that opening video says, I’ve been dreaming about this for 40 years. He’s always been obsessed with Iran, even before there was a credible nuclear issue. And so for him and for people like that, yes, you can make the case that a failed Iran, a crippled Iran, even if it descends into chaos the way that Syria did for 10 years, has its advantages. It takes a kind of adversary off the field. I would argue that Iran had been contained in many significant ways, particularly after the Obama nuclear deal. Remember, no enrichment. 98 percent of its enriched uranium had been taken out of the country. The Mossad, Israeli intelligence, American intelligence and the International Atomic Energy Agency all said that the Iranians were following the deal. And you had the reality that you had the most intrusive inspections regime that you had ever had in the history of nuclear. So was it possible there could be cheating a little bit on the side. It’s possible. Very, very few serious observers of it think that was going on. So there was a way to contain Iran without the extraordinary destruction. But I think that what Israel has done has come at a cost. I mean, I look at Bibi Netanyahu’s long reign as prime minister, and I wonder if in the long run, what people will notice is that his legacy was to split apart the alliance between the United States and Israel. He began by politicizing it in a poisonous way when Obama was president. He went and did an end run around. Obama, went and addressed Congress. He openly fought with Obama and tried to turn the issue of Israel into a partisan issue and then has unleashed so much firepower. Israel is the superpower of the Middle East. Israel is currently occupying percent of Lebanon. It has displaced people. And said 600,000 of them may never be allowed to come back to their homes. Exactly And you look at all of that. And I mean that on scale is a second Nakba. And you and just remember that 600,000 human beings, that’s women, that’s children who did nothing, who were in no way involved in Hezbollah’s rocket campaign against Israel. So you ask yourself, is the price that now a majority of Americans have an unfavorable view of Israel, that a majority of young people have a very unfavorable view of Israel. And if you look beyond America, it’s not just America. I think the Dutch just joined the South African case in the International Court to look at what’s happening even in Germany, which for obvious historical reasons, has a very strong moral urge to always see things from Israel’s point of view. In Germany, the young are being increasingly alienated by what they see and what they. So is that really good for Israel in the long run. And for what. It was already the most powerful country in the Middle East. It was able to defend itself. It was able to deter again in a kind of short term, narrow sense. Yes Bibi Netanyahu has found a way to push back against a lot of Israel’s enemies. And some of it Hezbollah, was a really nasty organization doing bad things in terms of the way it was attacking Israel. But you put it all together. I mean, with Ben Gurion, said Israel. When it was founded, it should be a light unto nations. I think for most people in the world today, that is not the way they look at Israel. And that is a huge loss. And that is a huge moral loss because Israel had a moral claim when it was founded. I want to go back to where we began, which was Trump’s threat to wipe out a civilization. And in a way, I thought that wasn’t entirely empty. It’s just that it might have been our own. I think Trump has. Wiped out the sense that America is a civilized nation. I think that it is actually core to his politics and in a way, his appeal that he routinely violates what we might have at another time called civilized behavior. The way he talks, the way he tweets or put things on Truth Social, the way he goes after his enemies and you talk a lot about the rules based international order that Trump is destroying. And I also think that language obscures that beneath the rules or values. And what Trump is gleefully done from the beginning of his time in politics is to try to violate those values in such a public way as to show them to be hollow, unenforceable, that these things we thought were boundaries or moral guardrails or nothing. And I think it forces some reckoning with what those values really were. So when you talk about that order, when you lament the way Trump has undermined it. Underneath the rules, what do you feel is being lost. I think at heart, the Enlightenment project that the United States is the fullest expression of. It’s the only country really founded as almost a political experiment of Enlightenment ideas that at the core of any value system had to be the individual, the dignity and life of an individual human being. That those were not pawns in some larger struggle. And when you read. I’ve been reading a lot about Franklin Roosevelt recently, because Roosevelt is probably the man most responsible for dreaming up that post-war order. What you see is he goes at one point to Casablanca, and he meets with the Moroccans. And he said he came to realize just how savagely the French had ruled over these people. And he said, we are not going to have fought this war to allow the French to go back and do what they’ve been doing for these past centuries, and we’re not going to allow the British to go back and do what they’re doing that if we are going to get in this war and save the West, as it were, there’s going to be a different set of values. And much of that post-war order comes out of that. Why did he want free trade and openness because he thought there had to be a way for countries to grow to wealth and grow, to feel their power without conquering other countries. So I do think you’re exactly right, that it comes out of a very deep moral sense that there is a way to structure international life differently than it’s been done for centuries. And the thing I worry most about is that what Trump is doing is irreparable, because even if you get another American president in the world will have watched this display and said, oh, America can America can be just another imperial, rapacious power. And we need to start protecting ourselves, and we need to start buying insurance, and we need to start freelancing in the same way and protecting ourselves. And then you get into a Downward spiral, because if you think the other guy is going to defect, you are going to defect first. And that’s what I worry is going to start happening. The Canadians you look at what the Canadians did over the last 30 or 40 years, they basically made a single bet that their future was with a tight, close integration with the United States politically, economically, in every way. And they now look at the way in which the United States used that dependence to try to extract concessions from them. And they’re now saying to themselves, well, we need to buy insurance. We need to have better relations with China and with India. And once you start going down that path, that becomes difficult to reverse, even if a wonderful, more internationally minded, more value based president comes into power. The Indians the same way we have been thinking to themselves, oh, we need to course correct and we need to take care of our own situation. And if everyone does that, at some point, you’re in a very different world than the world that we created after 1945. I remember during the Bush era when people said that Bush had done irreparable damage to America’s standing in the world, its global leadership, to international institutions. Then came Obama, and it turned out the damage wasn’t irreparable. Go to the first Trump term. And again, you hear the same things. And then comes Joe Biden as thoroughly a liberal internationalist. I think too much, frankly, but as thoroughly liberal internationalist as you could get. And it turns out much of the world is very happy to welcome America back in the same role. I can’t tell if the two Trump terms that the going back to it, the erraticness of American leadership now has made this something different, where the structures are changing around us, as you were saying, in a way that makes this a structural change or in fact, if Trump is succeeded by a more conventional figure or a more alliance oriented figure, this all snaps back into something more like its previous place Yeah, some of it will depend on whether is there an election that is a complete repudiation of Trump and Trumpism in 28 in the world would read that in a particular way. Look, there’s a demand for American leadership. I mean, at the Europeans who were very reluctant allies at various points during the Cold War and now are desperate for an America that will simply commit to the alliance. The more the world imagines what a world without American leadership and without American power looks the more they want it. The problem is, the world has changed. In during the Iraq war, China was nothing. Not nearly as powerful as it is today. Russia was neither had not been able to revive itself through all the oil revenues, consolidate power as Putin has. And so, the world is different today and America is different. Look, Bush, for all his flaws, he always tried to appeal to broader principles. The Iraq war, he went to the UN, he tried to get UN resolutions. He went to Congress. He articulated it as part of a much larger issue of terrorism. He got assembled an alliance of whatever 45 countries. Trump with this Iran war, basically revels in the unilateralism of it. He revels in the fact that he does it all by himself. He doesn’t want to bother with Congress, to bother with the UN, to bother with allies until things are going badly. And then he starts screaming that he wants them. But if Trump represents something in America that is deep and lasting, then it’s very different. America, it’s an America that really has not just tired but soured on the role that it has played as this kind of longer this country that had an enlightened self-interest that looked long, that was willing to forego the short term extractive benefits. I hope that America is still around. But as with everything that’s happened with Trump, there are points at which I’ve watched Donald Trump success and thought to myself, I can’t believe that Americans want this. And I still have difficulty with that. There has also always been this leftist critique that the story you’re telling, to some degree, that we’re telling here about America, where we say it had this humanitarian vision and these ideals, and sometimes it didn’t live up to them. But broadly did that that’s always been false, that Trump is America with the mask off. Trump has brought what we’ve done elsewhere home. And he has given up on ways we hid. What we were actually doing was his promise to destroy civilian infrastructure and bridges and power plants to destroy civilization. Is that so different than what we did when we napalmed Vietnam. So there is this idea that the Trump actually isn’t different. It’s continuity, and it’s explicit and aesthetically brutish, but honest. What do you think of that. I totally disagree. I mean, I think that you can only compare a hegemon to other hegemons. In other words, yes, the United States looks like it has its hands much dirtier than Costa Rica, which doesn’t even have an army. But let’s think about the last 300 or 400 years. Is the United States been qualitatively different, as the greatest global power compared with the Soviet Union Hitler’s Germany, the Kaiser’s Germany, imperial France, imperial Britain, imperial real. Holland yes. Those were all rapacious colonial empires. If you think about the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, obviously much, much worse. And the United States used its power to rebuild Europe, to bring Asia, East Asia out of poverty. It created, as I said, foreign aid. And of course, we made lots of mistakes. And what tends to happen is when you have an ideological conception of your foreign policy and you think you have to save Vietnam from these evil communists. You end up destroying villages to save them. But that doesn’t change this basic fact that I’m talking about, which is in the broad continuity of history when you look at other great global powers, what did we use our influence for. What did we use our power for. Until World War 2, every power that had had one extracted tribute from the powers that lost, including in World War one. People forget. So I just don’t. I see the argument about American hypocrisy because we do have done many, many bad things. But I think when you step back and think about it in a broader historical sense, the United States has a lot to be proud of. Let me try a thought on you that I’ve been wrestling with for bigger reasons, which is that I’ve been thinking a lot about why liberalism in its various manifestations feels so exhausted and uninspiring here at this moment when what so many people are afraid of and reacting to is liberalism’s achievements being wiped away. How is that not created a. Revival of its strength or a recognition of its moral ambition. And I think one of the reasons is this that liberalism begins with profoundly ambitious moral ideas about the dignity of the individual and what it means to be free. Over time, and particularly in the postwar period, it encodes those ideas and ideals into institutions, laws, rules. We keep calling it the rules based international order. And then it becomes the movement, the philosophy of the people who staff and lead those institutions and institutions fail and they fall short and they bureaucratize. And the problem, liberalism has the problem. The idea is that you’re voicing so eloquently, have right now in acting as an answer to Trump. Is it what we are left defending are institutions that don’t really work, as opposed to values that really do. And I don’t really know where that goes because, of course, in the real world, you need to do things and act through institutions. But as an answer to what he is, I don’t think you can go back to where say, Joe Biden was talking endlessly about NATO and its importance. It’s not like a stirring call for more participation in the UN that Trump challenges something deeper. And I think liberals fall back on a defense of institutions in a way that makes me feel like there’s been either a losing touch with or a loss of faith in the moral concepts that once animated the creation of those institutions. There’s a lot in there. So let me try and respond to several elements of it because that’s a very put a lot into that one part of what liberalism’s problem. And then we both mean liberalism. Small L the kind of liberal Enlightenment project is it’s one too much over the last 200 or 300 years. Think of everything that liberalism has advocated from the Emancipation of slaves to women’s equality, to racial equality, to child working laws, to minimal work. Everything has happened. And if you look at the things that the classical conservatives argued religious toleration, right. Radical in its time. You think about all the things that classical conservatives argued for a powerful King, for powerful church for the domination of a certain church based morality over life for women to be kept in their place or all those things have lost. So at one level, the problem is, as you say, that liberalism not only has won, but then institutionalized itself and those institutions inevitably become fat and corrupt and non-responsive. And I think this is a real problem. And what Trump can present is the kind of fiery insurgent spoiler which always has a little bit more drama to it. In the 60s that came from the radical left. Now it’s coming from the right. But there is always that ability to say, I’m going to upset the Apple cart and that there’s a certain energy there that the people holding the cart together aren’t able to aren’t able to exercise. And I think that’s a real problem. And I mean, somebody like a Mamdani has a way of infusing it with a greater sense of passion, because maybe he goes directly to the values. And even though some cases I don’t agree with his policies, I think he’s a master communicator and he has solved in a way that problem that you’re describing. But I think there are also two other problems. Liberalism has always been somewhat agnostic about the ultimate purpose of life. The whole idea of because it came out of the religious wars was you get to decide what the best life is, what your best life is. And we’re not going to have a dictator or a Pope or a commissar tell you that. But that leaves people unsatisfied. I think there’s a part of people that want to be told what is a great life. What is this cause greater than themselves. And, the conservative answer is, well, it’s God, family, traditional morality. And those are the things that matter a lot. If you listen to Vance in Hungary he says, go out there and bring back the gods of our fathers Trump represents something different in some ways that there Vance and John McCain have more in common in their critique of liberalism. The empty center of liberalism Trump is appealing to the most naked selfishness in people. He’s saying what’s in it for you. Why aren’t we getting more out of this. That’s one of the reasons, I think, that he is so comfortable with the kind of open corruption that he represents, because in a sense, he’s saying, look, those guys had a whole system. And, it looked very fancy and meritocratic, but they got the spoils. Now I’m going to get the spoils in a way. He’s, I think, thinking of himself as representing his people. But in any case they seem comfortable with him getting them. But there is this sense of an appeal to naked selfishness, self-interest, short term extraction. And that’s to me, much more worrying because the problem with liberalism not having this answer for the meaning of life, that’s an old problem. And it’s a hard one to solve, because the whole point of liberalism is that human beings get to decide that, and it’s not being forced on them. I am more skeptical than some that the absence of meaning at the center of liberalism is the problem, that the post-liberal right wants to make it out to be, and that it’s a problem here. But maybe to boil down what you actually said about Trump, I think Trump’s core argument is that didn’t work. This does. Now, the thing that he is doing is proving that this doesn’t work. What he is attempting doesn’t work. His administration is not going well. People do not like the tariffs. They don’t like the war. They don’t like him. That will probably be enough for Democrats to win the midterms. But philosophically, in this moment of rupture, it’s not enough to build something New. That Trumpism doesn’t work, doesn’t solve the problem of people think that what you were doing doesn’t work either. I was reading this thing that drew some Dempsey, who is the editor and founder of the publication the argument, wrote. And she was writing about the UN and liberal institutions and the ways they’ve both failed often to live up to their moral commitments, but also the way that Trump makes you miss him anyway. And she writes, watching the Trump administration rip up even the pretense of caring about liberal internationalism is a reminder that sometimes virtue signaling and hypocrisy are a preferable equilibrium. And that I agree with her in the sense that realism is true. I would much prefer imperfectly trying to live up to real values than this. And also as a political message that I think liberalism is kind of settled into. Our institutions suck, but you should defend them anyway. It sucks. But I can’t remember who said the hypocrisy is the homage that Vice pays to virtue. But I guess this is the point I am pushing. Not because I think you have the answer, but because I think it’s something people need to. They need to be replying to this challenge. More on the level it’s actually being posed. A movement that has adopted the institutional view can only ever really be a movement of the status quo and modest reform. And I think it’s not about having the meaning of life, but it is about some mission, about interest. And what Trump says is your interest is purely economic, extractive power, domination. It’s a very old vision of interest. Interest can also be values. They can also be moral. They can also be about identity. But this question of what is the answer to Donald Trump’s way of describing what you should be interested in. What is in the National interest, what is in your interest is, I think, a pretty deep one, because I don’t think to say, recommitting to alliances, I don’t think that’s enough for it. That’s not a moral mission. That’s a procedural tactic. So I think you’re getting at something very, very important. And I was trying to get at it when saying, if you looked at the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which was probably the most advanced social Democratic Party in Europe in, say, 19, 1905, almost everything that it had on its party platform has now been adopted by every Western country. So in some ways, what has happened is liberalism has succeeded. And these societies that have come out of them out of it, as a result, are wildly successful. People will often say that there was a great clash in the 20th century between communism and capitalism, and capitalism won. But actually, in the political scientist Shari Berman makes this point very, very well. What actually won at the end was social democracy was a mixture of the welfare state and capitalism everywhere, even including the United States. We have a very vast welfare state. And so once you’ve created that, once the basic conditions of creating a middle class Democratic society in which there are protections for the poor, for the unemployed, there is health care of some kind. Where do you go. And part of what happened is I think the left in some areas went too far left and in an illiberal fashion, the emphasis on quotas and DEI and all that kind of thing in other areas. It decided it wanted to go even further left. So the challenge is I see the problem with saying, O.K, we’ve arrived at this stage and a lot of people, I have to confess me, thought, and maybe this is because I grew up in India. This is pretty amazing what you have been able to achieve. And you look at the historical achievement of being able to have these stable middle class societies in which individual rights are protected, where poor people are taken care of. This is amazing. Now let’s try to get it right. Let’s try to get the Rube Goldberg of American health care to work better so that you actually cover that last 20 something million or however many it is. But that is unsatisfying as nobody writes a poem poems about expanding Obamacare. So I see the problem. But I think that is the reality. And when you start trying to find things to write poems and hymns and fight battles for, you’re often going in dangerous places. Now that’s the liberal in me. I’m suspicious of that much passion put into politics. And look at what the passion on the right looks like. So I don’t have a good answer, but I do think that the fundamental I’m sure that the fundamental critique that Trump comes at this from, which is that the United States has done terribly over the last 30 or 40 years, is just nonsense. The United States has done extraordinarily well over the last 100 years, and in particular over the last 30 years, with one big caveat where we have not been as good on distributional issues, but which we could easily have done was if Donald Trump and the people in his party would have let us. We would have. Exactly I’m wary of saying that the left needs to go somewhere where there’s going to be a lot of drama and energy, and people are going to be singing songs again, because that often leads you in bad places. And there I do think, look, liberalism was born out of this distrust of all that passion that religion and hierarchy came from with the state and the church telling you this is the right thing to do. Here are the values. So there is a moderation. Romanticism in politics is something to be taken, to be viewed with a certain degree of skepticism. I think I’ve been coming to a more opposite view, but I’m going to pick that thread up with you another time. You’re going to go back to the 60s and start some New cult movement. I think that the I do not think that in the way politics and attention works today, you can have a political movement that is afraid of inspiration and afraid of passion. I was reading Adrian wooldridge’s New book on liberalism, and he has this paragraph early on. It’s really his thesis paragraph where he talks about both liberalism’s radicalism, its radical imagination, but then also exactly as you just were, the importance of its moderate temperament that distrusts the passions and wants to keep a lid on things. And I just don’t think those two things hold together that well. Now I can come up with balances of things. I believe liberalism to be fundamentally a balancing act, and I think of it as a balancing act between moral imagination, plurality, or what I often think of as liberality and. Institutions in your relationship to institutions. So you are balancing things if they come out of alignment, I think push liberalism into failure modes. But I do think as liberals became the party of people for whom institutions have worked, its temperament has become too institutional and too afraid of things that could upset the structures. And so then if people don’t believe the structures are working for them, then it really has nothing to say to them because it just fundamentally disagrees. No, I agree with that. And I think the way I would like to see the radicalism and the kind of reform is when I look at the issue of affirmative action, to me, I was always very uncomfortable with it. I always thought Lyndon Johnson’s explanation of why you needed it to help formerly enslaved and Black people who were then lived under 100 years of Jim Crow. Jim Crow made perfect sense. But then it starts getting expanded and it starts being expanded to all kinds of people. People like me, people who came, which I thought made no sense. I mean, America has been particularly bad to African-Americans, so it has been particularly good to other immigrants. That’s why people from all over the world have tried desperately to come to America for hundreds of years, because the United States is unusually good at welcoming and accepting. So there shouldn’t have been affirmative action for people of color, whatever that means, or things like that. And then it goes from being affirmative action to quotas, and then it becomes, diversity mandates. And I feel as though there should have been some moment of reckoning and saying, why wait. Have we completely lost track of what the core of liberalism, which was about, as Martin Luther King put it, judging people by the content of their character, not the color of their skins. And those are the kind of things where I think liberalism gets so institutionalized and conventional wisdom forms and it becomes impossible to course correct. What I worry about is a kind of romanticism for romanticism sake. The people who run Iran today are what they call themselves the principalists, because they believe they are. They are adhering to the original ideals and ideas of the 1979 revolution. Unlike the terrible pragmatists who have who’ve been trying to find a way to compromise with the West. There’s another dimension of all this that is not philosophical that I want to touch before we end, which is one way of understanding the predatory hegemon moment is that it is the gasp of a dying hegemon that only has a limited amount of time left in which it can extract these kinds of rents. Now, I would like to believe that is not true, but there are ways in which it often seems to be. How Donald Trump acts. Personally, he’s only got so much time left on this Earth, and only so much time left in this presidency. And he and his family are going to try to pull out everything they can from it. And he’s always been very obsessed with the rise of China. Before that, the rise of Japan. And you could understand him as trying to monetize America’s power while it still has it, and in doing hastening America’s loss of it. You wrote a piece that said, the post-american world is coming into view. What did you mean by that. I think that you are seeing countries around the world find ways to make accommodations around America. So it’s not purely a kind of question of American decline. It’s that we are no longer leading. So you take something like protectionism Yeah, we’ve become very protectionist. And what you notice is very interesting. Other countries regard the United States as O.K, you’re the problem we have to deal with. And we’ll cut some deal with you because you’re too important for us not to. But outside of that, countries are making more free trade deals with one another. The Indians, with the Europeans, the Europeans with the Latin Americans, the Canadians with. So, in other words, the one thing that the US had going for it was this agenda setting power. And that’s gone. The US is viewed as on its own weird track. Everyone has to deal with it because it’s too important. And so they’re doing things. And that is a sign of a certain kind of decline. And the other one is this obsession to have enormous geopolitical control. One of the haunting parallels for me is to think about the British Empire in its last 30, 40 years. People forget. But after World War, the British Empire expanded to its largest state ever, to its largest size ever. Only 20 or 30 years before it collapsed. And the reason was that the British elites got very engaged and enamored with the idea of controlling Iraq and controlling Afghanistan and controlling they would find these. There was this wonderful book called Africa and the Victorians by Robinson and Gallagher, in which they talk about why the British annexed fashoda in the South of Sudan. Well, because they thought you needed to control the Suez Canal, to control the route to India. Well, if you needed to control the Suez Canal, you needed to control Egypt. But if you needed to control Egypt, you needed to control upper Sudan. But to control upper Sudan, you needed to control lower Sudan. So boing. You were taking sending troops to fashoda, which nobody anywhere in Britain would have any idea where it was and why were they doing that. Meanwhile, what they were neglecting was the reality that Germany was becoming much more productive. Active America was becoming much more productive. And I look at what we’re doing today. I mean, you think about it. This is the third Middle Eastern war we have fought in 25 years. I do worry that this imperial temptation to have the so much of the focus and the resources of the country placed in these faraway parts of the world where it’s not clear we’re actually gaining much, we’re expending enormous energy, and we’re expending a lot of our moral capital, our political capital, our actual financial capital. That part is very similar to what happened to Britain. And I don’t know whether it’s exhaustion or whether it’s a kind of imperial arrogance or maybe a combination of the two. But that feels. It feels hauntingly reminiscent. I saw a Gallup poll that was coming from their world survey, so polls people all across the world and approval of Chinese leadership had past approval of American leadership. Neither was that high. It was 36 percent to 31 percent But that the world now prefers Chinese leadership to ours struck me as if we were trying to do is make America great again. I mean, that might be one of the indicators you would look at to see if it was working or failing. And it’s actually mostly a vote against us because nobody actually wants Chinese leadership. I think they don’t know what it would mean. The Chinese, for the most part, don’t seem to want to offer it. Look at what has happened with this recent crisis. They got involved a little bit. Mostly what they’re involved in is trying to see that the currency settlements are made in Chinese currency. The Chinese are a free rider. They want a free ride on the benefits of American hegemony while all the while criticizing it. They don’t have an alternate conception. So what people are going to find is unfortunately, a world without American power is going to be a less open, a less liberal, a less rule based world. But it’s not going to magically reconstitute itself around a Chinese hegemon, because that is not China’s conception of its world role. It’s not going to be able to do it. It does not have the trust. We still, for whatever reason for good reasons, have an enormous amount of trust because we built it over 80 years. Look at we have, I don’t 55 treaty allies in the world. China has one North Korea. If you want to add Russia and Iran, find three. So the truth is, a world without American power will be a worse world for the rest of the world as well. And I think many of them feel a certain nostalgia for the old American power that they used to denounce. I have somewhat rose colored glasses about these things. But I think America was very special in its world role, and I don’t think China will be able to do that. I noticed was in that it certainly was right. Now we are definitely speaking in the past tense. The United States is currently not exercising its world role with the same level of strategic thought, with the same moral vision, and with the same humanitarian impulse that it has done, albeit imperfectly. I hope that can come back. But my great worry, as I said, is some of these things are they’re very hard to reconstitute. The world moves on, the world changes, people reputations take a lifetime to build, and it’s very easy to destroy. It’s true for human beings and it’s true for nations. Maybe that, I think, is a good place to end the now is our final question. What are three books you would recommend to the audience. So one book I thought, since we do often talk about the rules based international order, and it does sound so wonky that I would suggest a wonky book that explains it. The best scholar who’s written on this is a guy named John Ikenberry at Princeton, and I think the book is called a world safe for democracy and encapsulates what is this thing, the rules based international order, the liberal international order that the US created. The second is a book by Reinhold Niebuhr called the irony of American history. And it’s really all about the great danger when you are powerful of believing you are virtuous and believing that might is right, and the call for humility. It ends with a call for a kind of Christian realism in American foreign policy. And the Christian there really refers to the humility at the heart of Christianity, which sometimes we forget when listening to Pete Hegseth. And the final one on a similar vein, is Graham Greene’s book the quiet American. I think that one of sometimes novels do it better than anything else, is a novel set in Vietnam through the eyes of a sour, dyspeptic, world weary British journalist who sees this very idealistic American who believes that America is going to be able to bring peace, justice, and virtue to Vietnam. And you can imagine it doesn’t quite work out that way. Fareed Zakaria, thank you very much. Thank you. Ezra
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